Dead Letter Exchanges

What is a Dead Letter Exchange

Messages from a queue can be "dead-lettered", which means these messages are republished to an exchange when any of the following four events occur.

1. The message is negatively acknowledged by an AMQP 1.0 receiver using the rejected outcome or by an AMQP 0.9.1 consumer using basic.reject or basic.nack with requeue parameter set to false, or
2. The message expires due to per-message TTL, or
3. The message is dropped because its queue exceeded a length limit, or
4. The message is returned more times to a quorum queue than the delivery-limit.

If an entire queue expires, the messages in the queue are not dead-lettered.

Dead letter exchanges (DLXs) are normal exchanges. They can be any of the usual types and are declared as normal.

For any given queue, a DLX can be defined by clients using the queue's arguments, or in the server using policies. In the case where both policy and arguments specify a DLX, the one specified in arguments overrules the one specified in policy.

Configuration using policies is recommended as it allows for DLX reconfiguration that does not involve application redeployment.

Configuring a Dead Letter Exchange using a Policy

To specify a DLX using policy, add the key "dead-letter-exchange" to a policy definition. For example:

rabbitmqctl	rabbitmqctl set_policy DLX ".*" '{"dead-letter-exchange":"my-dlx"}' --apply-to queues
rabbitmqctl (Windows)	rabbitmqctl set_policy DLX ".*" "{""dead-letter-exchange"":""my-dlx""}" --apply-to queues

The previous policy applies the DLX "my-dlx" to all queues. This is an example only, in practice, different sets of queues usually use different dead lettering settings (or none at all).

Similarly, an explicit routing key can be specified by adding the key "dead-letter-routing-key" to the policy.

Policies can also be defined using the management plugin, see the policy documentation for more details.

Configuring a Dead Letter Exchange using Optional Queue Arguments

To set the DLX for a queue, specify the optional x-dead-letter-exchange argument when declaring the queue. The value must be an exchange name in the same virtual host:

channel.exchangeDeclare("some.exchange.name", "direct");

Map<String, Object> args = new HashMap<String, Object>();
args.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", "some.exchange.name");
channel.queueDeclare("myqueue", false, false, false, args);

The previous code declares a new exchange called some.exchange.name and sets this new exchange as the dead letter exchange for a newly created queue. Note, the exchange does not have to be declared when the queue is declared but it should exist by the time messages need to be dead-lettered. If it is missing then, the messages are silently dropped.

You may also specify a routing key to use when the messages are being dead-lettered. If the routing key is not set, the message's own routing keys are used.

args.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "some-routing-key");

When a dead letter exchange is specified, in addition to the usual configure permissions on the declared queue, the user must have read permissions on that queue and write permissions on the dead letter exchange. Permissions are verified at the time the queue is declared.

Routing Dead-Lettered Messages

Dead-lettered messages are routed to their dead letter exchange either:

• with the routing key specified for the queue they were on; or, if this was not set,
• with the same routing keys they were originally published with

For example, if you publish a message to an exchange with a foo routing key, and that message is dead-lettered, it is published to its dead letter exchange with the foo routing key. If the queue the message originally landed on is declared with x-dead-letter-routing-key set to bar, then the message is published to its dead letter exchange with the bar routing key.

Note, if a specific routing key was not set for the queue, messages on it are dead-lettered with all their original routing keys. This includes routing keys added by the CC and BCC headers (refer to Sender-selected distribution for details about these two headers).

Dead-letter cycle

It is possible to form a cycle of message dead-lettering where the same message reaches the same queue twice. For example, this can happen when a queue "dead-letters" messages to the default exchange without specifying a dead-letter routing key. To prevent automatic infinite message looping within RabbitMQ, RabbitMQ will detect a cycle and drop the message if there was no rejection in the entire cycle.

Safety

By default, dead-lettered messages are re-published without publisher confirms turned on internally. Therefore using DLX in a clustered RabbitMQ environment is not guaranteed to be safe. Messages are removed from the original queue immediately after publishing to the DLX target queue. This ensures that there is no chance of excessive message build up that could exhaust broker resources. However, messages can be lost if the target queue is not available to accept messages.

Since RabbitMQ 3.10 quorum queues support at-least-once dead-lettering where messages are re-published with publisher confirms turned on internally.

Dead-Lettered Effects on Messages

Dead-lettering a message modifies its headers:

• the exchange name is replaced with that of the latest dead-letter exchange
• the routing key may be replaced with that specified in a queue performing dead lettering (i.e. configured dead-letter-routing-key),
• if the above happens, the CC header will also be removed, and
• the BCC header will be removed as per Sender-selected distribution

A single message can be dead lettered multiple times. Each time a message is dead lettered, this event will be recorded within the message header. To prevent the header from growing unboundedly, the dead letter event history is compressed by the {Queue, Reason} pair.

An AMQP 1.0 message will contain a message annotation with a symbolic key x-opt-deaths and the value being an array of maps. An AMQP 0.9.1 message will contain an x-death header with the value being an array. The array in both AMQP 1.0 and AMQP 0.9.1 is ordered by recency, that is the most recent dead-lettering event is recorded in the first array element.

The following table describes the AMQP 1.0 map key value pairs and the AMQP 0.9.1 table of the array elements. All AMQP 1.0 keys are of type symbol. AMQP 1.0 clients must not depend on the order of the map's key-value pairs.

AMQP 1.0 key	AMQP 1.0 value type	AMQP 0.9.1 key	AMQP 0.9.1 value type	Description
queue	string	queue	longstr	The name of the queue this message was dead lettered from.
reason	symbol	reason	longstr	Why this message was dead lettered (described below).
count	ulong	count	long	How many times this message was dead lettered from this queue for this reason.
first-time	timestamp			When this message was dead lettered the first time from this queue for this reason.
last-time	timestamp			When this message was dead lettered the last time from this queue for this reason.
		time	timestamp	When this message was dead lettered the first time from this queue for this reason.
exchange	string	exchange	longstr	The exchange this message was published to before this message got dead lettered for the first time from this queue for this reason.
routing-keys	array of string	routing-keys	array of longstr	The routing keys (including CC but excluding BCC) of this message before it got dead lettered for the first time from this queue for this reason.
ttl	uint			AMQP 1.0 header's ttl (time to live in milliseconds) before this message got dead lettered for the first time from this queue for this reason.
		original-expiration	longstr	The original expiration property of this message before it got dead lettered for the first time from this queue for this reason.

AMQP 1.0 ttl and AMQP 0.9.1 original-expiration are optional and recorded because the original message's TTL is removed from the message on dead-lettering to prevent it from expiring again in any queues it is routed to.

The reason is a name describing why the message was dead-lettered and is one of the following:

• rejected: the message was rejected
• expired: the message TTL has expired
• maxlen: the maximum allowed queue length was exceeded
• delivery_limit: the message is returned more times than the limit (set by policy argument delivery-limit of quorum queues).

In addition, the following six AMQP 1.0 message annotations or AMQP 0.9.1 headers are added for the very first dead-lettering event:

1. x-first-death-queue: The first queue this message was dead lettered from.
2. x-first-death-reason: Why this message was dead lettered for the first time.
3. x-first-death-exchange: The exchange this message was published to before this message got dead lettered for the first time.
4. x-last-death-queue: The last queue this message was dead lettered from.
5. x-last-death-reason: Why this message was dead lettered for the last time.
6. x-last-death-exchange: The exchange this message was published to before this message got dead lettered the last time.

The x-first-* annotations are never modified. Whenever a message is dead lettered subsequently, the x-last-* annotations are updated.